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41 μεῖραξ
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `girl' (Com.), late also m. `boy' (Aret., Hld.).Compounds: φιλο-μεῖραξ m. f. `loving boys' (Ath., Paus.).Derivatives: Diminut.: 1. μειράκιον n. `youth, younger man' (Hp., Att.) with μειρακι-ώδης `youthful' (Pl., Arist.), - όομαι `become adolescent' (X., Ph., Ael.), - εύομαι `id., behave as a youth' (Arr., Plu., Luc.), also μειρακ-εύομαι (Alciphr. 2, 2). 2. μειρακίσκος m., also -η f. `boy, girl' (Att.; Chantraine Form. 409). 3. μειρακύλλιον `id.' (Com.; cf. Leumann Glotta 32, 215 a. 225 = Kl. Schr. 242 u. 250).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [738] *meri̯o- `young (girl or man)'Etymology: On the fem. gender cf. δέλφαξ, πόρταξ, σκύλαξ (also m.). We must start from a noun, perh. *μεῖρος (cf. λίθαξ: λίθος a. o.), which agrees with Skt. márya- m. `youth, lover', Av. mairya- (meaning unclear); and, with thematic k-suffix (independent of μεῖραξ pace Wackernagel-Debrunner II: 2, 540, Chantraine Études 160 m. A.1?), marya-ká- `small man'. The diminutive derivv. in Greek ousted the basic word. A fem. *μεῖρα (like στεῖρα) may be also considered. -- As remote cognates are adduced Lith. mergà `girl' and, with diff. vowel, Alb. shemërë f. `by-wife' (from *sm̥-merī), Lith. martì f. `bride, young woman' (cf. Βριτό-μαρτις? s. v.); further still the unclear Lat. marītus `with wife, spouse', s. W.-Hofmann s. v. Further details also in WP. 2, 281, Pok. 738f.; Fraenkel Wb. s. martì and mergà. Several hypotheses on the formation by Specht Ursprung 124, 148 a. 210.Page in Frisk: 2,195-196Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μεῖραξ
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42 μῆτις
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `wisdom, skill, craft' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πολύ-μητις `with many councils, inventive', of Odysseus, also of Hephaistos (Hom.), ἀγκυλο-μήτης `with crooked councils, cunning', of Kronos, also of Prometheus (Hom.); on the transfer to the ᾱ-stems Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 48 f. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 11 50 f.), Schwyzer 561 w. n. 5.Derivatives: 1. μητιέτᾰ nom. a. (orig.) voc., adjunct of Zeus, `who possesses μῆτις', metr. conditioned form at verse-end for *μητῖτα, after νεφεληγερ-έτα ( Ζεύς) a.o.; with acc. μητιέτην (versinscr. Tegea), nom.- έτης (Corn.); s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 186 n.1, Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 394; wrong Fraenkel Festschr. B. Snell (1956) 186 ff. -- 2. μητιόεις `filled with μ.', of Ζεύς, φάρμακα a.o. (δ 227, h. Ap. 344, Hes.); on the formation beyond Schwyzer 527 Fraenkel l.c. -- Denomin. verb: aor. μητίσασθαι, fut. μητίσεσθαι `reflect, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.; pres. μητίομαι Pi. P. 2, 92); as pres. is used in the epic for metr. reasons (after the verbs in - ιάω) μητιάω, - άομαι ( μητιόων, μητιάασθαι etc.), also with ἐπι-, συν-, (Hom., A. R.); Schwyzer 727 u. 732. Verbal noun μητίματα pl. H. s.v. μήτεα (for μήδεα?).Etymology: As orig. verbal noun *'measuring' (improb. `measurer' as nom. ag.; cf. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 26 a. 37 f., Borgström NTS 16, 145) μῆτις has exact correspondences in Skt. māti- `measure' (lex.) and in the Germ. word, which is isolated, OE mǣd f. `measure'; the same noun is also supposed by Lat. mētior `measure'. The basic primary verb is found only in Indoiran., e.g. Skt. mā́-ti, redupl. mí-mā-ti `measure' (with a.o. upa-mā- with úpamā-ti-'distribution, measuring out'). An other formation is μή-τρα `land-measure'; ablauting with this μέτρον (s.v.). Also in the other languages several isolated verbal nouns with diff. meanings are preserved, thus Germ., e.g. Goth. mēl `time', OHG māl `point of time, (time for) meal, Mahl'. -- The unassibilated - τι- (for - σι-) has been explained from the isolated position of the archaic μῆτις, cf. Schwyzer 505 and Chantraine Form. 277. On μῆτις in gen. Porzig Satzinhalte 329 a. 336, Benveniste Noms d'agent 77. -- Further forms WP. 2, 237f., Pok. 703f., W.-Hofmann s. mētior.Page in Frisk: 2,232-233Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μῆτις
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43 μίσχος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: 1. `stalk of a leaf, fruit or flower' (Thphr., Porph.), also 2. name of a Thessalisan apparatus for field work, " ἰσχυρότερον ἔτι τῆς δικέλλης,... ὅ μᾶλλον εἰς βάθος κατιὸν πλείω γῆν περιτρέπει καὶ κατωτέρωθεν" (Thphr.). Acc. to H. = ὁ παρὰ τῳ̃ φύλλῳ κόκκος, what can hardly be correct. As difficult is μίσκος = `pod, shell' (Poll. 6, 94). Extensively on μίσχος Strömberg Theophrastea 115f. Orig. agricultural term, by the botanic Theophrastos used for botany(?).Compounds: Compp., e.g. ἄ-μισχος `withou stalk' (Thphr.).Origin: 1. PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]; 2. PGX [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin] [probably a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: No etymology; the connection with μίσκαιος κῆπος H., which is further connected with Lith. mìškas `wood, forest', also `wood for burning or building' (Specht Ursprung 255 n. 2, Fraenkel Wb. s.v.), is semantically void, unless one accepts for the Lith. word a basic meaning `treetrunk, bar'. After Bechtel Dial. 1, 208 first from *μιχ-σκ-ος like μάσκη from *μάκ-σκη (s. μακέλη); "but μιχ- can nowhere be placed". Fur. 133 connects μίσχος and μίσκος, which means that the word is Pre-Greek. -- Fur. 133 does not want to connect the stalk and the Thessal. apparatus. On the other hand he may be right in connecting the latter with μίσκαιος, where σχ\/σκ rather points to Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,245Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μίσχος
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44 μόθος
Grammatical information: m.Compounds: Comp. μοθούρας τὰς λαβὰς τῶν κωπῶν H. (expl. in Solmsen Wortforsch. 56 A. 2).Derivatives: μόθαξ, - ακος m. `children of the Helotes or Perioikoi, who has got a common education with a Spartan' (Phylarch. Hist. [IIIa], Plu., Ael.); μόθων, - ωνος m. = μόθαξ (sch., EM., H.), also about `impudent man' (Ar. Pl. 279), also parodising presented as demon (beside Κόβαλοι a.o., Ar. Eq. 635); name of a vulgar dance, practised by seamen (Ar., Poll.), also name of a melody on the flute accompanying the dance (Trypho ap. Ath. 14, 618 c). -- μοθωνικός `like the μόθωνες' (Ion ap. Plu. Per. 5), μοθωνία ἀλαζονεία τις τοῦ σώματος κινητική (EM).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The relation between the words mentioned is not convincingly explained. Remarkable is esp. the great stilistic difference between ep. μόθος and Doric μόθαξ and μόθων. A common basic meaning `noise, tumbler(sic?)' does not help much. (I don't see a problem here.) -- Outside Greek no cognates. Against the connection with Slav., e.g. CS. motati sę `agitari', Russ. motátь `throw to and fro, waste, reel, wind up' (further forms in Vasmer s. mot) tells Gr. θ against Slav. t (cf. Meillet BSL 28, c. r. 79); against further connection of Skt. mánthati, mathnā́ti `stir, shake' (WP. 2, 269, Pok. 732, W.-Hofmann s. mamphur m.) further the inner nasal of the group menth- (Kuiper Nasalpräs. 104). Untenable Ehrlich KZ 41, 287f. (s. Bq and WP. l.c.); new theory by Kuiper l.c. n. 2: -o- Central Greek representative of IE *n̥ (to be rejected). - Perhaps the word is Pre-Greek.Page in Frisk: 2,248-249Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μόθος
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45 μόχθος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `exertion, difficulty, distress, misery' (Hes. Sc., Pi., trag., mostly poet.).Compounds: often as 2. member, e.g. πολύ-μοχθος `with much exertion' (trag., Arist.), also as building-technical expression in πρό-μοχθοι τὰ προβεβλημένα τῶν τοίχων (H., also Delos IIa).Derivatives: 1. μοχθ-ηρός `laborious, miserable, worthless, bad' with μοχθηρ-ία `bad condition' (IA.), - όομαι `be laborious' (Aq.). 2. μοχθ-ήεις (Nic.), - ώδης (Vett. Val.) `id.' Verbs: 1. μοχθ-έω, also with ἐκ- a.o., `exert oneself, exist with difficulty' (poet. since K 106) with μοχθήματα pl. `exertions' (trag.); 2. μοχθ-ίζω `id.' (poet. since Β 273; metr. variant of 1., s. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1. 95, Shipp Studies 95); 3. μοχθ-όω `tire' (Aq.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: To μόγος, μογέω (s.v.) with expressive enlarging θ, cf. ἄχθος, ὄχθος, βρόχθος a.o. (Schwyzer 510f., Chantraine Form. 366f.)? Basic forms like *μόγσ-θος (Schulze KZ 28, 270 n.l = Kl. Schr. 437 n. 1 [p. 438]) or *μόγσ-τος are hard to explain. -- To be rejected Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73, 528 (to Skt. myakṣ- `stick fast'); cf. Belardi Doxa 3, 214, W.-Hofinann s. mōlēs. - If the words show a variation γ\/χθ, it will be Pre-Greek. Fur. 319f., 388, who connects μοττίας ᾡ̃ στρέφουσι τῶν ῥυτήρων τὸν ἄξονα H. as Cretan from *μοκτίας.Page in Frisk: 2,261-262Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μόχθος
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46 μύκης
μύκης, - ητοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `mushroom', also metaph., e.g. `mushroomlike excrescence, any knobber round body, cab or cap at the end of a scabbard, snuff of a lamp-wick, membrum virile' (IA.).Derivatives: μυκήτ-ινος `made of mushrooms' (Luc.), μυκόομαι `become like a mushroom, spongy' (medic.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Formation in - η(τ)- (Schwyzer 462 u. 499) from a noun, which may be found in Lat. mūcus `snivel, mucus of the nose'; on the meaning cf. Slav., e.g. Sloven. glíva `agaric' to Lith. gleĩvės `slime' etc. (Schulze KZ 45, 189 = Kl. Schr. 619); further s. μύσσομαι. -- Diff. (hesitating) Strömberg Pflanzennamen 28: from μῦς `mouse' because of the grey colour as Fr. gris souris name of a mushroom. But μύκης is not only a grey mushroom, and its formation is unclear. Fur. 298 thinks correctly that the meanings of this word cannot be all explained from a derivation from μύσσομαι `snuff, blow one's nose' and assumes a basic meaning `prominent, extremity'. He connects the word with μύσκλοι οἱ πυθμένες τῶν ξηρῶν σύκων Η, which implies that the word is Pre-Greek. On the suffix - ης, - ητος (in Pre-Greek) s. p. 172 n. 118.Page in Frisk: 2,267Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μύκης
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47 νάω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `flow, stream' (Il.).Other forms: ipf. νᾶε(ν) A. R., Call., ναῖον ι 222), ναύει ῥέει, βλύζει H. (Aeol.), only presentstem except διαναῦσαι δια-πλεῦσαι H. and the ptc. aor. ἀμφι-ναέντος (Emp. 84).Derivatives: 1. ναέτωρ ῥέων, πολύρρους H., νάτωρ (S. Fr. 270); 2. νᾱρός `welding, streaming' (A. Fr. 347 = 764 Mette, S. Fr. 621); 3. νᾶμα n. `flowing water, source, stream' (trag., Pl., X., Arist.) with ναμά-τιον dimin. (Thphr.), - τιαῖος `from sources, source' (Aeschin.), - τώδης `rich in sources' (Thphr.); 4. νασμός = νᾶμα (E.), - ώδης H. -- Prob. also 5. Ναϊάς, Ion. Νηϊάς (Od., A. R., AP), Ναΐς, Ion. Νηΐς f. (Il.) `Naiade', s. below.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The present forms can all go back on *νάϜ-ι̯ω; the shortvocalic νᾰ́ω ( νάει, νάουσιν ζ 292, Φ 197) can as rhythmical variant stand for ναίω (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 167). Diff. Schwyzer 686 (with Schulze Q. 51 and Bechtel Lex. 234f.): *νάϜ-ω beside *νάϜ-ι̯ω; unnecessary. The ptc. ἀμφι-ναέντος (Emp. 84) was prob. formed after ῥυέντος. -- For the in Attic usual νᾶμα (s. v. Wilamowitz on Eur. Her. 625) a basic (but doubtful) form *ναϜεμα (*νάϜημα?) seems necessary; then also νᾱρός from *ναϜερός, νασμός from *ναϜεσμός, νάτωρ from *ναϜέτωρ; cf. Bechtel l.c. -- The longvocalic να-ϊάς, - ΐς, νη-ιάς, - ίς suppose a noun *νᾱϜ-α (cf. e.g. κρήν-η: - ιάς); prop. meaning then "daughter of a source". As all nymphs are considered as daughters of Zeus, the Naiades are connected with the Dodonäic Ζεὺς Νάϊος. A source in Dodona is only mentioned in late Latin writers, and Zeus as a god of sources is unknown (v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 228, Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 426 f.); the proper meaning of Νάϊος then remains unclear. If the Naiades have something to do at all with Ζεὺς Νάϊος, their qualification as daughters of a source must be left open. Agreements to νάω outside Greek are unknown. One compares the athematic long grade Skt. present snauti `drip', with the zero grade ptc. snuta-; further connections s. νέω and νήχω. Cf. also Νηρεύς.Page in Frisk: 2, 294Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νάω
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48 νόος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `mind, sense, intellect, reason, purpose' (Il.).Compounds: Very often as 2. member, e.g. εὔ-νοος, - νους `wellminded' with εὑνο-έω, - ίη, - ιᾰ etc. (IA.); also as 1. member, a.o. in the compounds νου-θετ-έω `put in mind, admonish' (after νομοθετ-έω: νομο-θέ-της: νόμον θεῖναι a.o.) with νουθέ-τησις, - τημα, - σία, - τεία a.o. (IA.); νουν-εχ-ής `prudent', adv. νουνεχ-ῶς, - όντως (: νοῦν ἔχει, ἔχων, Schwyzer 452).Derivatives: Nouns: 1. νοερός `mindful, intellectual' (Heraclit., Arist.); 2. νοήρης `prudent, capable' (Herod., H.); 3. νοότης, - ητος f. `intellectuality' (Procl.); 4. νόαρ n. `illusion, phantom' (Theognost.; archaising innovation). -- Verbs: A. νοέω, aor. νοῆσαι (contr. νῶσαι) etc., very often with prefix (partly hypostasis with νοῦς) in diff. meanings, e.g. δια-, ἐν-, ἐπι-, προ-, μετα-, συν-, `meditate, observe, think, devise, have in mind' (Il.); from this 1. νόη-μα n. `thought, intelligence, decision' (Il.) with - μάτιον (Arr.), - ματικός (sp.). - μων `thoughtful, prudent' (Od., Hdt.); 2. νόη-σις ( νῶσις) f. `oberving, understand, thinking', also διανόη-σις etc. (IA.); 3. προ-, δια-νοία, - νοιᾰ f. etc. `care' resp. `meditating, thought, intention' (IA.); 4. νοη-τικός ( προ- u.a.) `mindful' (Pl.); 5. προ-, δια-, ἐπι-, ὑπο-νοητής m. `director' etc. (late). -- B. νόομαι `be changed into νόος' (Plot. u.a.). --Lit. on νοῦς etc: Schottländer Herm. 64, 228ff., Marg Charakter 44 ff. (use in Hom.), Kurt v. Fritz ClassPhil. 38, 79ff. (in Hom.), 40, 223ff., 41, 12ff. (with the Presocratics); also McKenzie Class Quart. 17, 195 f. and Magmen REGr. 40, 117ff. (both doubted by Kretschmer Glotta 14, 229 resp. by Wahrmann ibd. 19, 214 f. resp. rejected); Porzig Satzinhalte 185 ff. ( νοῦς and νόημα in the Epos).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: No doubt an old inherited verbal noun (cf. λόγος, φόρος a.o.), though there is no certain connection. The old connection with Germ., e.g. Goth. snutrs `wise, prudent' (L. Meyer KZ 5, 368), which is possible, is taken up again by Schwyzer Festschr. Kretschmer 247 ff. and further worked out assuming a basic meaning `sense of detection' of supp. * snu- `browse', which would also be found in νυός, Lat. nurus `daughter-in-law' and nūbō `marry' (referring to the browse-kiss (sniffer-?), a form of the kiss of relatives), an hypothesis, which goes far beyond what can be proven. -- Diff., not preferable, Prellwitz s.v.: to νεύω as "nod thoughtfully", to which acc. to Brugmann IF 19, 213 f., 30, 371 ff. also πινυτός `prudent' (but see s.v.) and Cret. νύναμαι = δύναμαι (s.v.). To be rejected Kieckers IF 23, 362ff. (to νέω `swim'), McKenzie (s. above; = Skt. náya- m. `guidance' from náyati `lead'); s. also W.-Hofmann s. sentiō.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νόος
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49 νύσσω
Grammatical information: v.Derivatives: 1. νύξις f. `push, sting' (Dsc., Plu.), κατάνυξ-ις `stupefaction, bewilderment' (: κατα-νύσσομαι `get a push in the heart, be stunned'; LXX, NT); 2. νύγμα (also - χμα) n. `push, prick' (Nic., Epicur., Gal.) with νυγμα-τικός `fit for pricking' (medic.), - τώδης `punctuated' (Arist., medic.); 3. νυγ-μός m. (D. S., Plu.), - μή f. (Plu.) `id.'; 4. νύγ-δην `by pricking' (A.D.). -- Further νυκχάσας = νύξας H. (expressive enlargement with geminate and aspiration; cf. Schwyzer 717 n. 4).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Without exact agreement outside Greek. Formal similarity show some westgerm. and Slav. expressions for `nod etc.', e.g. MLDu. nucken `move the head menacingly', nuck(e) `sudden for- and upward pushing of the head when frightened etc', OCS nukati, njukati `brighten', which are, assuming a velar enlargement, usually conneted with νεύω, Lat. nuō. Also νύσσω is since Brugmann IF 13, 153 ff. seen in this way, which means for νεύω, nuō the assumption of a basic meaning `make a pull, give a thrust'. -- WP. 2, 323f., Pok. 767, W.-Hofmann s. nuō.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νύσσω
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50 οἴομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to suspect, to expect, to think, to believe, to deem' (Od.); new presents: ὑπ-οίζεσθαι ὑπονοεῖν H., ὑπερ-οιάζομαι `to be arrogant, to be smug' (Phot., Suid.; also H.?).Other forms: ὀΐομαι (Hom.), οἶμαι (trag., Att.; cf. below), also act. 1. sg. ὀΐω, οἴω (Hom.), οἰῶ (Lac. in Ar. a.o., Bechtel Dial. 2, 351), aor. ὀΐσ(σ)ασθαι, ὀϊσθῆναι (ep.), οἰη-θῆναι (ion. att.), - σασθαι (Arat.; Wackernagel Unt. 183 n. 1), fut. οἰή-σομαι (Att.), - θήσομαι (Gal.).Compounds: Sometimes w. prefix, e.g. συν-.Derivatives: οἴη-σις f. (IA.), - μα n. (Plu., D. C.) `conceit, smugness, belief, opinion' with - ματίας m. `prig' (Ptol., H., Suid.), - τικός `arrogant' (Ph.); ἀν-ώϊσ-τος `unimagined, unthought-of' (ep. Φ 39), - τί adv. (δ 92).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [not] *h₃u̯is- `suppose, assume, have the opinion'Etymology: As original forms can be considered ὀΐομαι (ῑ), ὀΐω (ῑ and ῐ), with οἴομαι, οἴω as sentence-phonetic variants. From there arose in unstressed position the esp. as parenthetic form used οἶμαι with ipf. ᾤμην (Ar.) beside ᾠόμην (Schwyzer 280 a. 679 n. 7 with J. Schmidt KZ 38, 33; diff. Wackernagel KZ 30, 315 f. = Kl. Schr. 1, 678f., Brugmann IF 29, 229ff.). From ὀϊσθῆναι, ἀν-ώϊστος appears as basic form prob. *ὀϜίσ-ι̯ομαι, from where ὀ(Ϝ)ίομαι, *ὄ(Ϝ)ι̯ομαι \> οἴομαι (cf. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 29; 371f.; 405, 407). -- Further unclear. By Kretschmer KZ 31, 455 a.o. (s. Bq and W.-Hofmann s. ōmen) as *ὀϜίσ-ι̯ομαι connected with Lat. ōmen `portent' (OLat. osmen) from *ou̯is-men. As however the nouns in - men are primary verbal derivations, this etymology is possible only on condition, that the disyllabic ou̯is-, which cannot be considered as verbal root, contains a prefix o-; this can be solved by assuming *h₃u̯is-, Beekes, Devel. 58. (Diff. on ōmen Porzig IF 42, 266). Thus Brugmann l. c. assumes a prefixal *ὀ-ίσ-ι̯ομαι, to Skt. ís-yati `set in quick movement' (s. on οἶμα); prop. meaning "come on something with my thinking", semantically rather uncertain. Similarly (to IE * eis- `move violently, push', but without prefix) Krogmann KZ 63, 131. -- An uncertain supposition on original impersonal use ( ὀΐεται μοι τ 312) in Debrunner Mus. Helv. 1, 43. On the middle form Schwyzer-Debrunner 234, Balmori Emer. 1, 42 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,366Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οἴομαι
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51 ὀκτώ
Grammatical information: numeralMeaning: `eight' (Hom.).Compounds: As 1. element beside ὀκτω- in ὀκτω-καίδεκα, ὀκτω-δάκτυλος `with a breadth of eight fingers' (Hp., Ar.) a.o. usu. ὀκτα- (after ἑπτα-, ἑξα- etc.) in ὀκτα-κόσιοι and in many bahuvrihi's, e.g. ὀκτά-μηνος `eight months old, eight monthly' (Hp., X., Arist.).Derivatives: Besides ὀγδοή-κοντα, which like ἑβδομή-κοντα may have started from the basic word, s. v. and ὄγδοος w. lit. Through cross with ὀκτώ also ὀγδώ-κοντα (Β 568 = 652 a.o., s. Sommer Zum Zahlwort 25 n. 2). After ὀγδοήκοντα the late ὀγδοάς f. `a number of eight' (Plu.) for ὀκτάς f. (Arist.). -- Further derivv.: ὀκτά-κι(ς), - κιν `eight times' (Hdt.), ὀκτα-σσός `eightfold' (pap. III p; after δισσός etc.), - χῶς `in eight ways' (EM, Arist.-Comm.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [775] *h₃eḱtōu `eight'Etymology: Gr. ὀκτώ, Lat. octō, Skt. aṣṭā́(u), Germ., e.g. Goth. ahtau, Lith. aštuo-nì and other cognate forms go back on IE *oḱtṓ(u) (*h₃eḱt-?). Arm. ut` is like El. ὀπτω, reshaped after the word for `seven'. -- The IE word for `eight' was clearly an old dual, but further analysis is quite uncertain. Hypotheses e.g. by W.-Hofmann s. octō, with further lit.; see also Meisinger Gymnasium 57, 74 f. By Ebbinghaus PBBeitr. 72, 319 connected with the word for `four' (to be rejected).Page in Frisk: 2,374-375Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀκτώ
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52 ὀμφή 1
ὀμφή 1.Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `voice of a god, devine revelation, oracle, emblem' (Il.), `voice, speech' in gen. (Pi., trag.).Compounds: Few compp., e.g. Όμφο-κλέϜης m. Cyprian in Abydos, εὔ-ομφα ὀνόματα H.; enlarged in παν-ομφ-αῖος `having all ὀμφαι, saying everything', surn. of Zeus (Θ 250, Simon., Orph.), also of Ήέλιος (Q. S.) and Ἥρα (EM), after the σ-stems transformed in παν-ομφ-ής ( ὄνειροι, Orac. ap. Porph.).Derivatives: ὀμφ-αῖος, - ήεις `predicting' (Nonn.), Όμφαίη f. name of a goddess (Emp.), ὀμφητήρ, - ῆρος m. `prognosticator' (Tryph.; after νικη-τήρ: νικάω etc.). Cf. Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 134.Etymology: Archaic, in Greek isolated inherited word (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 322), which shows cognates only in Germanic. Beside ὀμφ-ή from IE * songʷʰ-ā́ stands e.g. Goth. saggws m. ' song, music, lecture' from IE *sóngʷʰ- o-s (as τομή: τόμος etc.); the basic primary verb is retained only in Germ., e.g. Goth. siggwan ' singen, lecture' IE * sengʷʰ-. Older lit. in Bq and WP. 2, 496; s. also Bechtel Lex. s. v. (The proposed Prakr. cognate is also explained diff. (s. Pok.); then only Germanic remains to show the IE character.Page in Frisk: 2,392-393Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀμφή 1
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53 ὄνειδος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `reproach, rebuke, abuse, disgrace' (Il.).Derivatives: ὀνειδείη f. `id.' (Nic.; cf. on ἐλεγχείη s. ἐλέγχω), ὀνείδειος `baling, scolding' (Hom., AP), ὀνειδείω `to blame' (Thebaïs Fr. 3; \< -εσ-ι̯ω); mostly ὀνειδίζω, also with prefix as ἐξ-, προσ-, `to make reproaches, to abuse, to scold' with several derivv.: ὀνείδ-ισμα n. `reproach, abuse' (Hdt.), - ισμός ( ἐξ-) m. `id.' (D.H., J.), - ιστήρ (E., κατ- ὄνειδος Man.), - ιστής (Arist.) `railer' (Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 14 a. 18), ( ἐξ-)ονειδιστικός `abusive' (hell.); on itself ἐπ-ονείδ-ιστος `deserving a reproach, blameworthy' (Att.), prob. for *ἐπ-ονειδής after the many verbal adj. in - ιστος.Etymology: Old, in Grek isolated verbal noun without exact non-Greek agreement. The basic primary verb, which in Greek was replaced by the denomin. ὀνειδίζω, is in other languages often retained: Skt. nid-āná- `reproached', athem. aor. ptc., beside which the passive formation nid-yá-māna- `id.' and the nasal present ní-n-d-ati (cf. on ὄνομαι); Av. nāis-mī \< * nāid-s-mi `I reproach', lengthened grade athem. pres. with s-enlargement (if not analogical after forms like ipf. nāis-t \< * nāid-t, 2. pl. nis-ta \< * nid-ta); Balt. e.g. Latv. nîdu, inf. nîdêt, nîst `squint at, not tolerate, hate'. Further fom German. the deverbal or denominative secondary formation in Goth. ga-naitjan `revile'. Especially interesting for Greek is because of the vowelprothesis Arm. anicanem, aor. anici \< * o-neid-s- (on Arm. a- \< o- cf. on ὄναρ, on -s- Meillet MSL 20, 211). -- Further forms with lit. and uncontrollable root analysis in WP. 2, 322f., Pok. 760, Feist Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr. s. v., Kuiper Nasalpräs. 130, Specht Ursprung 126, 167; see also Mayrhofer s. níndati and Fraenkel s. níedėti.Page in Frisk: 2,394Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὄνειδος
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54 ὅρος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `border, boundary mark (pole, column, stone), term, limit, mark, appointment, definition' (Att. Cf. Koller Glotta 38, 70ff.).Compounds: Sometimes as 1. member, e.g. ὁρο-θεσία f. `the fixing of boundaries' (hell. inscr., Act. Ap., pap.), as νομο-θεσία a.o., formal from ὁρο-θέ-της (gloss.), comp. of ὅρον θεῖναι with τη-suffix; often as 2. member, e.g. δί-ωρος `with two boundary stones' (Arc. IVa), ἀμφ-ούρ-ιον n. `toll, paid by the seller to the owner of the neighbouring estate as a fixation of the sale' (pap. IIIa, Rhod. inscr. IIa), ἀμφουριασμός m. (*ἀμφουρι-άζω); s. Wilhelm Glotta 14, 68ff., 83, Preisigke Wb. s.v.; zu εὑθυωρία s. v.Derivatives: 1. ὅρία n. pl. (rarely sg.) `borderline, border areas etc.' (Hp., Att., Arc.); 2. ὁρία f. `border' (Att. inscr.); 3. ὅριος `belonging to the border' ( Ζεὺς ὅρ., Pl., D.) = Lat. Terminus (D.H., Plu.); 4. ὁρικός `belonging to definition' (Arist.); 5. ὁρ-αία τεκτονική = gruma, - ιαῖος λίθος (gloss.); 6. ὁρίζω, aor. - ίσαι (Ion. οὑρ-), often w. prefix, e.g. δι- ( ἐπι-δι- etc.), ἀφ-, περι-, προσ-, `to border, to demarcate, to separate, to determine, to define' (IA.) with ( ἀφ-, περι-, δι-)ὅρισμα ( οὔρ-) `limitation, border' (Hdt., E.), ( ἀφ-, περι- etc.) ὁρισμός `limitation, determination etc.' (Att.), ( δι-)ὅρισις (Pl., Arist.), ὁρισ-τής m. `landmarker' (Att., Tab. Heracl.), - τικός `belonging to limitation or determination, limiting, defining' (Arist.). -- 7. ὀρεύς s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [?] *(u̯)eru̯-?Etymology: Not certainly explained. -- An orig. (h) όρϜος (= Corc.) can stand for still older *ϜόρϜος (Schwyzer 306 a. 226 f.) and can be connected wih Lat. urvāre ( amb-) `surround with a (boundary)furrow' (Fest. from Enn., Dig.) as a cognate; the basic noun urvus `circuitus civitatis' (gloss.; transm. urus) can agree except for he ablaut (IE *u̯r̥u̯os against *u̯oru̯os). Here also Osc. uruvú from PItal. * urvā, if with Schulze ZGLE 549 n. 1 a.o. `boundaryfurrow, border' (cf. Vetter Hb. d. ital. Dial. 1, 442). Further connection wih ἐρύω `draw' (s.v.) is then possible. -- Also an alternative basis *ὄρϜος (w. second. asper) can be combined with Lat. urvus (then from *r̥u̯os; to ὀρύ-σσω?, s.v.). -- WP. 1, 293 a. 2, 352 f., W.-Hofmann s. urvus w. further lit. S. also οὑροί and 2. οὖρον.Page in Frisk: 2,425-426Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὅρος
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55 οὑλαί
Grammatical information: f. pl.Meaning: `(unmealed) barley corns, roasted and sprinkled between the horns of the sacrificial animal' (Ion. since γ 441); Lat. mola salsa (on the meaning Buttmann Lexil. 1, 191ff.).Compounds: As 1. member in οὑλο-χύτας acc. pl. f. `id.' (Hom.); οὑλό-χυτα τὰ κατάργματα H.; comp. of οὑλαί and χέω (s.v.) with το-suffix (cf. e.g. ἀκμό-θε-τον); οὑλο-χύτας followed in gender οὑλαι (diff. Schwyzer 439: for *οὑλὰς χυτάς); from this οὑλοχυτ-έομαι `to besprinkle with οὑ.' (Thphr. ap. Porph.). Also οὑλο-χόϊον (- χοεῖον?) ἀγγεῖον, εἰς ὅ αἱ ὀλαὶ ἐμβάλλονται πρὸς ἀπαρχὰς τῶν θυσιῶν H.; as if from *οὑλο-χόος, - χοέω.Derivatives: ( ὀλβ-άχνιον (with ὀλβ- = ὀλϜ-) n. `basket for the ὀλαί' (EM 257, 53 [Syracus.]; also ὀλβάχιον κανοῦν. Δεινόλοχος H.; ὀλβακήϊα `id.' (Dor. after H. s. εὔπλουτον κανοῦν). See s.v. ὀλαγμεύειν ὀλὰς βάλλειν Phot. with ὀλαιμεύς ὁ (cod. τὸ) τὰς ὀλὰς βάλλων H.; on γ οὑλαί ι s.v. Blumenthal Hesychst. 22. S.s.v. λαίγματα; these words do not belong to οὐλαί as then the suffix α + velar cannot be explained.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: As in Arc. ὀλοαί ο can stand for F (Brugmann-Thumb 44; cf. δοάν = δϜάν s. δήν), we get a basic ὀλϜαί. -- Technical word without convincing connection. The comparison with ὄλυραι and ἔλυμος `barley' (s.v.) is quite hypothetic. Even more doubtful combinations in Specht Ursprung 114, 127 a. 146. - Prob. Pre-Greek; cf. ὄλπα in H..Page in Frisk: 2,443Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὑλαί
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56 οὑλή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `scarred wound, scar' (Od.);Derivatives: οὑλόομαι, - όω `to scar, to cause scars' (Arist.) with - ωσις (Gal.), - ωμα (Suid.) `the scarring'.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1144] *u̯el- `draw, tear'Etymology: From *Ϝολσά or *Ϝολνά (Forbes Glotta 36, 242; on the digamma Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 125); without direct non-Greek agreement. Nearest is Lat. volnus n. `wound' with unknown basic form. Uncertain Celt., e.g. Welsh gweli m. `wound', also `blood' (Loth Rev. celt. 41, 208), OIr. fuil f. `blood', MIr. fuili `bloody wounds'. As common basis of these and many other nouns one assumes a verb *u̯el- `draw (to oneself)' in Lat. vellō `tear away' a.o., to which ἁλίσκομαι `be caught' (*u̯elh₃-) is also drawn. Further more or less doubtful, for Greek unimportant cognates in WP.1,305ff. (w. rich lit.), Pok. 1144f., W.-Hofmann a. Ernout-Meillet s. volnus.Page in Frisk: 2,443-444Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > οὑλή
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57 πέλλα 1
πέλλα 1.Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `milk pail', also `drinking bowl, goblet' (Π 642, Hippon., Theoc., Nic.; on the uncertain meaning Leumann Hom. Wörter 267 f.).Other forms: -η acc. to Arc. 108, 1.Derivatives: πελλίς, - ίδος f. `id.' (Hippon., hell. poetry; like ἀμίς, ἀργυρίς, χρυσίς a.o.); here also πέλιξ, - ικος f. = κύλιξ or προχοΐδιον (Cratin.); - ίκη, Aeol. - ίκα f. = χοῦς, λεκάνη (Poll.); - ίχνη f. = πέλλα (Alcm., hell. poetry); after κύλ-ιξ, - ίχνη; cf. further ἑλίκ-η from ἕλιξ. Thus πέλυξ `id.' (Poll.) after κάλυξ. Also πελλητήρ, - ῆρος m. `milk pail, drinking bowl' (hell. authors in Ath. 11, 495 e), like ἀντλητήρ (: ἀντλέω); πελλαντῆρα ἀμολγέα H. (: *πελλαίνω).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The synonymous Lat. pēluis f. `bowl, dish', Skt. pālavī f. `kind of barrel, vessel' might point for πέλλα to a basic form *πέλϜι̯ᾰ (shortened from *πηλϜι̯α, Schwyzer 279); a more simple *πέλι̯ᾰ has been considered because of Skt. pārī f. `milk-pail' (Schulze Q. 83f.). -- Diff. Kretschmer Glotta 30, 171: from *πελ-νᾱ because of φelna on a Rhaet. inscr. The connection of the Skt. words (class., partly very late) is rejected by Mayrhofer s. vv. or in any case strongly doubted. -- One has also compared πήληξ. -- The Latin form hardly leads to an IE word. Furnée 134 concludes because of - ικ-, - υκ- (and - λ-, - λλ-) to a Pre-Greek word.Page in Frisk: 2,498-499Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέλλα 1
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58 πένομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide' (Il.), `to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.Derivatives: 1. πενία, ion. - ίη f. `poverty, lack' (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. πενιχρ-ός `poor, devoid of smth.' (γ 348; cf. zu μελιχρός s. μέλι) with - ότης f. (S. E.). - αλέος `id.' (AP). 3. πένης, - ητος m. (f. πένησσα πτωχή H.) `who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor' in opposition both to πλούσιος and to πτωχός = `begging, destitute' (IA.) with πενέσ-τερος, - τατος (X., D.); after ἀσθενέσ-τερος a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from *πενετ-τερος); from it πενητ-εύω `to be poor' (Emp.), - υλίδας m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. *Πενητ-ύλος (as Φειδ-ύλος, Πενθ-ύλος a.o.). -- 4. πόνος m. `(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour' (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. παυσί-πονος `ending pain' (E., Ar. in lyr.); but ματαιο-πόνος a.o. to πονέομαι, s. v. From it πον-ηρός `toilsome, useless, bad, evil' (IA.) with - ηρία, - ηρεύομαι, - ήρευμα; πονόεις `id.' (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative πονέομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, δια- a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), πονέω, also w. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. (posthom.) `to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer', trans. `to cause pain'. As 2. member a.o. in ματαιο-πονέω `to labour in vain' (Democr.) with - πονία (Str.), - πόνημα (Iamb.), - πόνος (Plu., Gal.). From it πόν-ημα ( δια-) n. `labour, work' (Pl., E. u.a.), - ησις ( δια-, κατα-) f. `labour, effort' (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. διάπον-ος `working hard, weary' (Plu.) from δια-πονέω. 6. Beside it πονάω only in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) and ἐπόνασαν (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present πένομαι, which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative πονέομαι, - έω and by its synonyms, e.g. κάμνω, δέω, is in the epos used esp. of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning `want, lack, be poor' (from where πενία and πενιχρός already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. laborare `exert oneself', also `be in need, be pressed' (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that πένομαι orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for `stretch, twist, weave' in Lith. pìnti `twist', OCS pęti `stretch', Arm. hanum and henum `weave', further OHG etc. spin. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been `unharness', one may also from there through `harness oneself' come to `exert oneself' (cf. Arm. y-enum `stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders'?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. pendeō. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of πένητες and πλούσιοι and synonyms and of πενία and πλοῦτος s. J. Hemelrijk Πενία en Πλοῦτος. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. πεῖνα und σπάνις.Page in Frisk: 2,504-506Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πένομαι
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59 πηδάω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to leap, to jump', of the heart or puls `to beat' (Il.).Derivatives: ( ἀνα-, ἐκ-)πήδ-ημα n. `leap' (trag.; also as terminus of sport, s. Jüthner Wien Stud. 53, 68ff.), - ησις ( ἀνα-, ἐκ-, ἀπο- etc.) f. `jumping, leaping' (IA.), - ηθμός m. `pulse beat' (Hp.), - ητής ( ἐπεισ- πηδάω) m. `leaper' (Ptol., Gloss.), - ητικός ( ἐκ- πηδάω) `fit for jumping' (Arist.). Backformation τρί-πηδος or - ον "three-jump", `trot' (Hippiatr.).Etymology: Sec. verbal formation of expressive character, either deverbative (Schwyzer 719) or denominative. As basic word most prob. is in the first case a verb for `fall etc.' in Skt. pád-ya-te ( ā-pad- `tread in', apa-pad- `run off' etc.), Germ., OE fetan; besides OWNo. feta, pret. fat ` find the way to', all prob. with very old connecion to the word for `foot' (s. πούς). -- If denominative, hardly to be separated from πηδόν, s.v. Wrong on πηδάω Deroy Les ét. class. 16, 351 ff., Ant. class. 32, 429ff.Page in Frisk: 2,526-527Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πηδάω
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60 πῆχυς
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `forearm, arm' (cf. βραχίων), also as measure = `cubit' and metaph. in diff. meanings (Il.).Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. δί-πηχυς `two cubits long' (IA.).Derivatives: 1. dimin. πηχίσκος m. (Anon. ap. Suid.); 2. adj. πηχυ-αῖος (IA., παχυ- Epich.), - ιος (Mimn., A. R.) `cubits long'; 3. verbs: πηχίζω `to measure by the cubit' (LXX) with πηχ-ισμός m. `measuring by the cubit' (LXX, pap.), - ισμα n. `cubit-measure' (Sm.); πηχύνω ( περι-πῆχυς) `to embrace' (hell. a. late epic).Etymology: Old inherited name of a member, in several languages retained: Skt. bāhú-, Av. bāzu- m. `lower arm, arm, foreleg of an animal', Germ., e.g. OWNo. bōgr, OHG buog m. `the upper part of the foreleg, Bug'; IE *bhāǵhu-; here, with unclear transformation of the stem, Toch. A poke, B obl. pokai `arm' (on the phonetics v. Windekens Orbis 11, 191 f. a. 12, 190). Also on Italic bottom the word was once alive, if with Pisani KZ 71, 44 Lat. trifāx, - ācis `a three ell long weapon' as Oscan LW [loanword] belongs here. -- A basic verb, IE *bhaǵh-, Benveniste BSL 52, 60 ff. wants to see on Iran. soil in Oss. i-væz- `stretch out' (Iran. *băz-); not very credible, cf. Mayrhofer s. bāhúḥ w. lit. (the short vowel makes a problem.Page in Frisk: 2,531Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πῆχυς
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